Concepts of Best Management Practices for Intergrated Pest, Mosquito

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2.2.2

Adult Control

The most practical methods for prevention and control of adult mosquitos are Pre-

vention and Personal Protection. This involves personal protective measures of wearing

long sleeves shirts and pants, avoiding outdoor activity at peak mosquito activity (usu-

ally dawn and dusk), and applying insect repellents such as DEET, Picaridin, or para-

menthane-3,8-diol (PMD). Another measure is to repair screened windows and doors

before the onset of mosquito season in order to prevent adult mosquitos from entering

buildings. The purposes of these methods are to limit or prevent the opportunity for con-

tact between mosquitos and human beings by targeting mosquito behaviors, biology, and

habitats. Mechanic and Physical Control measures involve a variety of different trap de-

vices, removal techniques, and bug zappers to attract, collect and/or kill adult mosquitos.

Other routes include the use of specific materials and tools to create a physical barrier

between mosquitos and humans. However, Chemical Control provides the most effec-

tive and rapid control of adult mosquitos via insecticide application and implementa-

tion techniques like indoor residual spraying (IRS), long last insecticide-treated bed nets

(WHO 2006), or space fogging and cold/ thermal spraying, particularly ultra-low-volume

(ULV) applications (UCSF 2020, WHO 2006a). Convention insecticides include variants

of organophosphates (malathion, chlorpyrifos, and naled (the USA only)) and pyrethroids

(permethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Cyfluthrin, Bifenthion, D-

phenothrin (sumithrin), and Etofenprox). Unfortunately, a downside to chemical control

that the long-term use of insecticides and the large quantities applied has resulted in in-

stances of chemical resistance in mosquitos which leads to major challenges for control

efforts. Targeted pest management also takes into consideration that adult mosquitos are a

part of an ecosystem and that there exist many natural and predatory enemies in such sys-

tems such as birds, bats, dragonflies, etc., that can impact and adjust the natural mosquito

populations. Within Biocontrol and Biorational Control, biocontrol involves the release

of natural predators to control adult mosquitos; however, the predator species are not typi-

cally mosquito-specific killers and they eat or kill a range of bugs that may include benef-

icent insect species. Biorational control methods such as sterile insect technology (SIT),

Wolbachia bacteria-infection (IAEA & WHO/TDR 2019), genetically modified organisms

(GMO), and attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) have recently showed promise for con-

trolling vector mosquitos (WHO 2019, 2019a). Legal and Regulation Control for adult

mosquitos has mostly been implemented in urban areas using measures of surveillance,

like trapping or measuring human landing rate count, and/or awarding cities, town, and

villages the title of “mosquito free” to promote public and governmental appreciation of

mosquito control in China. These control efforts are directly regulated and overseen by the

local government systems.

2.3

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

Integrated Pest Control (IPC) or Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a broad-

based approach that integrates practices to achieve an economically sound control of pests

and vectors. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the level or threshold that is